Article.
Tetyana Osipova УДК 811.161.2 `373.7 METALANGUAGE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:
"VERBALIZATION OF NON-VERBALICS" AS A MEANS OF LANGUAGE CODE
REALIZATION The article focuses on the attempt to describe
communicative competence of creative language personalities in the aspect of
their abilities concerning actualization of non-verbal communication, modelling
metalanguage reflection, in particular verbalization of non-verbal means of communication
as a means of realization of a certain language code. Keywords: communicative competence, language
personality, metalanguage of non-verbal communication, metalanguage reflection,
verbalization of non-verbal means of communication, language code. The state of the problem and relevance of a search. Modern methods of
linguistic research motivate an interest to a language as to discursive
category, that`s why linguists have recently focused on the pragmatic analysis
of the personality’s idiostyle, its language and communicative competence,
which is reflected first of all in a belletristic and journalistic styles, oral
and written speech in the aspect of the author`s metalanguage reflection. We distinguish
psychotype, sociopsychotype, level of speech culture mastering, emotional
competence and national consciousness levels, etc., among parameters which
define the type of a language personality. Non-verbal
parameter adds a lot and, in particular, motivates the nature of mentioned
parameters manifestation, as we can make a conclusion about an emotion only on
the basis of the analysis of a concrete situation. Taking into consideration
the system of factors “verbalics+non-verbalics+situation makes understandable what is
expressed both for an observer and communicator” [Космеда 2012: 53], but this
parameter in the structure of a language personality is not singed out and
described by linguists. The most successive
linguist who projected these guidelines on the verbal communication was V. Vundt who thought that
language (speech) was an activity of spirit and body that is the unity of
verbal and non-verbal. Mentioned thesis demands rethinking in the aspect of
general postulates of current paralinguistics. We think that a
necessity has emerged to add to this typology a parameter of non-verbal
communication. It is an integral component of communicative competence in
general, which defines the
relevance of this research and
motivates the necessity of description of representation of peculiarities of
non-verbal parameters of communicative competence in the author`s text with
taking into account their interaction and interrelation and, connected with it,
necessity of clarifying of terminological microsystem of non-verbal
communication, in particular, the notion verbalization
of non-verbalics, which is actual now and defines the aim of this scientific study. The task of the paper is investigation
of metalanguage of non-verbal communication, in particular "verbalization
of non-verbalics" as a means of language code realization. In the research we
use the generalized notion non-verbalics which we understand as the complex of
all parameters of non-verbal communication. It is known that
characteristic tendency of development of the Ukrainian language is regular and
productive means of word-formation by shortening of word-forms with the aim of
language means economy, comp.: гречана, манна крупа –
гречка, манка; готівкові кошти – готівка, кредитна картка – кредитка, etc.Level of problem
investigation. Integral research
in the sphere of non-verbal semiotics (H. Kreydelin`s scientific school) gives an
opportunity to expand the metalanguage of non-verbal communication, carry out practical
study and theoretical awareness of the most important mechanisms of
“interaction of non-verbal sub-systems between each other and with a natural
language, to describe situations of non-verbal communication of people and the
events, connected with it” [Крейдлин 2002: 6]. If we think over
the terminological apparatus of non-verbal communication, we will trace
similar models in this case too, comp.: kinetic parameters – kinesics, proxemic parameters –proxemics, by analogy – chronemics, odorics, hastics, takesics, prosodics, extralinguistics. Mentioned type terms present
broad system of non-verbal means of
communication which are generalized by type notion, comp.: parameters of
non-verbal communication – non-verbalics. Shortening of a
term-expression non-verbal means
(parameters) of communication to one word-form non-verbalics takes place
according to the laws of analogy as one of the natural laws of language
development. This
tendency is theoretically described by O. Akhmanova, J. Karpilovska, N. Klimenko, A. Nelyuba and others. Alongside with non-verbalics
there is a term paralinguistics which is in the focus of some linguists`s views
acquires the features of a kind (hyperonymic) plan: "In national tradition a notion and term
"paralinguistics" has got some interpretations, from very narrow to
too broad (…) by this word we understand a broad sphere of knowledge, this sphere has
covered mainly everything which now is referred to non-verbal semiotics in
general" [Крейдлин 2002: 26]. But we support H. Kreydelin`s position
concerning the understanding of paralinguistics as a science about additional
to speech sound codes which are the components of communication and are able to
convey a certain meaning of information [Крейдлин 2002: 27]. We think that
the term non-verbalics expresses
broader notion than paralinguistics as it generalizes content features, it
may pretend to the role of a hyperonym in the microsystem of parameters of non-verbal communication. There is one more
argument in favor of non-verbalics notion – it is the
context of its scientific usage. Discursive methodology is at the process of formation
and needs suitable terminological support, in particular, terms-formation of
a collocation verbalization of
non-verbalics as a basic one in discursive analyses. Exposition of the main material. Description of metalanguage of non-verbalics with the aim of
formation and deeper knowledge about the most crucial paralingual means of
communication is one of such ways. As experts state, it is rational to consider
statements about each component of a verbal situation: "Used code (verbal and
non-verbal means), speaker`s
intentions, adequacy
of their speech manifestation, addressee`s and addresser`s messages which are
relevant to a situation, communication conditions, etc" [Шумарина 2009: 108]. Verbalization of
non-verbal means in the
description of communicative behavior of a human allows to diagnose the inner
feelings, hidden thoughts, the attitude to the surrounding and so on.
Projection of linguistics to the study of communicative and discursive speech
processes direct it at human learning that is the subjective factor in the
language, in particular the features of human behavior in the modern discursive
space depending on personal communicative intentions and taking into account
the general background knowledge society, language picture of the world,
revealing personality, etc., too often intimate. This approach to the study of
language personalities motivated the emergence of a new trend of linguistic
research – linguopersonology within which the types of linguistic personalities
are described. The most iconic
personalities in Ukrainian linguoculture are Taras Shevchenko and Ivan Franko,
due to their literary works, scientific and social activities. They are the
geniuses of the Ukrainian nation, elite language personalities. It is known that
I. Franko was a poet, novelist, playwright, folklore researcher,
journalist, linguist, translator, polyglot, excellent speaker, well-known
politician, economist and geographer. Numerous competences of this prominent
Ukrainian are described in the monograph by T. Cosmeda "Communicative Competence of Ivan
Franko: Intercultural, Interpersonal, Rhetorical Dimensions" (2006), which
is an example of a comprehensive study of language personality in the
communicative paradigm of modern linguistics, where this methodology of is
actualized for the first time as well as methodology of retrospective study of
communicative competence and its components. In studying of the
peculiarities of communicative competence of Ivan Franko as an elite
language personality we pay attention to characteristic parameters of
non-verbal communication, in particular description of writer`s interpretation
of non-verbal behavior of Ukrainians that were recorded in the statements by
I. Franko and his fiction texts. In I. Franko’s
works we find unfinished work devoted to the direct description of
paralinguistic means-gestures “head nod”, “twisting the finger inside the
belly”, “a finger raised upward,” “two fingers raised up”: "(…) the comic side of this lyric consists in the misurderstanding
between the Jewish rabbi and the Zaporozhian during their communication by
means of gestures. The rabbi understands a gesture in one way, the
Zaporozhian in a different way" (a quote from Franko`s
text) [Космеда
2006: 138]. In order to gain
some experience in non-verbal communication Ivan Franko liked to go to the
market and observe non-verbal behavior, “reading” paralingual communication.
Verbalizing non-verbalics, he naturally intertwined it in the fabric of
literary texts to enhance their expressiveness, added life-giving stream,
comp.: А мені ти на прощанні / І руки не подала. / Ти кивнула головою, / В сінях скрилася як мрія;/ Я ж, мов одурілий, стою, / І безсилий за тобою / Шлю в погоню погляд свій (І. Франко "Зів’яле листя"). Giving the hand on
the meeting and farewell is an expression of affection, respect and friendship.
Absence of this sign is a signal of intensity of relationships, hidden designs
of the communication partner. Head nod in the above context symbolizes somewhat
alienated, “distanced” act of farewell that is motivated by the vector of
action of the newly formed relationships between partners rapid disappearance
of one of the participants in communication causes to life abstract
associations, lack of understanding of the situation to the end (“скрилася як мрія”) and depression,
“embodied” in the appropriate position of the hero (мов одурілий, стою) and hopeless look (Шлю в погоню погляд свій). Interpretation
verbalized nonverbal parameters depends on non-verbal recipient competence
(reader and listener) and first of all addressee (author of the text), in what
Franko is undoubtedly unsurpassed. A new monograph by
prof. T. Cosmedа "Ego and
Alter Ego of Shevchenko in the Communicative Space of Diary Discourse"
(2012) is devoted to the theory of linguopersonology. Taras Shevchenko reveals
his inner emotion and feeling, the characteristic of his mental activity is a
self-reception, implemented in particular in numerous self-portrait sketches,
availability of writer's diary and “correlates with intense existential
reflection in poetry” [Космеда 2012: 71-72] Verbalizing of
non-verbal communication in texts parameters, T. Shevchenko uses them as
language codes – a set of language means used in communication, to decode the
cognitive processes that motivate communicative behavior of characters in his
works, demonstrating author (language) abilities, the ability to model and
convey relevant meanings, for example as extralingual parameter smile, laugh T. Shevchenko
verbalizes in poetic texts not only to describe the external factors of
communication (Як ясочка, Усміхнулась, сіла (Т. Шевченко "Гайдамаки": "Титар")), – but also for the conveying of
the deep emotional states, such as states of hero is anxiety or spirit harmony:
Сумно, страшно, а згадаєш – Серце усміхнеться (Т. Шевченко "Гайдамаки": "Треті півні") – a hero enjoys memories that
are embodied in a smile and express as external and internal А я дивлюсь, поглядаю, Сміюся сльозами (Т. Шевченко "Гайдамаки") is unity of the
two mutually excluding extralinguistic parameters (laughing and crying) shows
the internal contradictions of the hero, his inner protest and at the same time
helplessness; Іде собі наш Ярема, Нічого не бачить; Одна думка усміхнеться, А друга заплаче (Т. Шевченко "Гайдамаки": "Треті півні") – the hero plunged in thought
and reasoning, which cause his certain reactions associated with
extralinguistic factors (laughing, crying). A smile can provoke outrage if it
illustrates the contempt, derision, etc., comp.: Доки буду мучить душу / І серцем боліти?/ Доки буде ворог лютий / На мене дивитись / І Сміятись! (Т. Шевченко "Давидові псалми") – verbalizing laugh the author models speech genre of
laugh / І вороги нові / Розкрадають, як овець, нас і жеруть! / (…) /
І кивають, сміючися, / На нас головами // (Т. Шевченко "Давидові псалми") – extralingual option laugh is
verbalized together with a gesture parameter ("nod" point to someone)
that enhances the perception of communicative sense modelled by the author.
Taras Shevchenko`s works are rich in examples of verbalization of non-verbal communication options,
it witnesses his internal concentration, observation, cognitive and emotional
deep perception, and that is probably due to the peculiarities of his introvert
psychotype. An elite linguistic
personality of Russian culture is certainly Chekhov, who is a master of
artistic expression, a brilliant writer and publicist. Contemporaries saw him
as a follower of Pushkin-Turhenev school in literature. In an anonymous review
of the book “In the twilight”, it is said: “Chekhov is not only a psychologist
and subtle observer, but also a true artist” ("Обозреватель" (1887)).
Contemporaries noted the original art of emboding life (magazines “The New Time”, “The Word”) [Чехов 2013]. Modern writers
try to follow the artistic style of Chekhov, in particular S. Dovlatov repeatedly emphasized
that he respects mostly E. Hemingway and Chekhov for
brevity, elegance aestheticism, which was a model for him. S. Dovlatov wrote:
“... and I want to be just like Chekhov” [Сухих 2006: 75]. With regard to the
issue of scientific exploration the works by A. Chekhov are interesting as
striking examples of portrait descriptions, in which the writer effectively
verbalizes optical (human appearance), kinetic (facial expressions, gestures,
movements), extralinguistic (manner of speech, acoustic voice qualities,
laughing, crying) and others. Chekhov models
characters` appearance in different ways – from concise factual characteristics
to lengthy descriptions of analytical patches, comp.: Леля N N, хорошенькая двадцатилетняя блондинка (А. Чехов "Дачница"); Это была женщина высокая, с темными бровями, прямая, важная, солидная и, как она сама себя называла, мыслящая (А. Чехов "Дама с
собачкой"); Высокий стройный брюнет, молодой, но уже достаточно поживший, в черном фраке и белоснежном галстуке, стоял у двери… (А. Чехов
"Человек"); Глаза его глядели исподлобья и несколько
ошалело, рыжие волосы торчали на голове, как щетина, подбородок, поросший
рыжими, колючими волосками, выдавался вперед, стиснутые губы тянулись тоже
вперед, лоб морщился в складки (А. Чехов "Красавицы"). Having a sense of
humor, Chekhov uses the description also as a technique of creating a comic
effect. Прямой носик, дивный бюстик, чудные волосы, прелестные
глазки – ни одной опечатки! Прокорректировал и женился.
(…) На другой день после свадьбы я уже заметил в своей жене некоторую перемену.
Волосы были жиже, щеки не так интересно-бледны, ресницы не адски черны, а рыжи.
Движения уже были не так мягки, слова не так нежны. Увы! Жена есть невеста,
наполовину зачеркнутая цензурой (А. Чехов "Два
романа"). In his novels all
known parameters of nonverbal communication are consistently verbalized: kinetic
(mimes, head movements). Наталья
Михайловна сделала презрительную гримаску и мотнула головой (А. Чехов "Длинный язык"); oculesics (contact by eyes), напр.: Дама
взглянула на него и тотчас же опустила глаза; optical (physiognomy), comp.: Он не кусается, – сказала она и
покраснела (А. Чехов
"Дама с собачкой"); Вера, должно быть, сумела прочесть на его
лице правду, потому что стала вдруг серьезной, побледнела и поникла головой (А. Чехов
"Верочка"); acoustic (prosodic), comp.: Тем же певучим семинарским голосом, каким он
беседовал со стариком, так же моргая и подергивая плечами, стал он благодарить
Веру за гостеприимство, ласки и радушие; Он помнит как будто придушенный,
несколько сиплый от волнения голос и необыкновенную музыку и страстность в
интонации; Но тотчас же Огнев устыдился своего бормотания и замолчал (А. Чехов
"Верочка"), olfactory (smelling), comp.: В прошлом году, в этом же самом душистом и
поэтическом мае, она была в институте и держала выпускные экзамены (А. Чехов "Дачница"); Тогда
он пристально поглядел на нее и вдруг обнял ее и поцеловал в губы, и его обдало
запахом и влагой цветов, и тотчас же он пугливо огляделся: не видел ли кто?
(А. Чехов
"Дама с собачкой") and others. Using verbalization of non-verbalics as a method, and the parameters of non-verbal communication as a tool for the transmission of dynamics of the communicative situation, A. Chekhov visualizes events that he describes and fills them functionally, comp.: Малодушная Зиночка пристально
посмотрела на меня и, убедившись, что я действительно всё знаю, в отчаянии
схватила меня за руку и забормотала дрожащим шёпотом (А. Чехов "Зиночка") – oculesics +kinesics+prosodics. Диамантов
вскочил, помялся около стола, тоскливо покосился на гуся и, отдав общий поклон,
засеменил к выходу (А. Чехов
"Юбилей") – kinesics + oculesics + kinesics + proxemics; Она
была бледна, задыхалась, и дрожь ее дыхания сообщалась и рукам, и губам, и
голове, и из прически выбивался на лоб не один локон, как всегда, а два...
Видимо, она избегала глядеть прямо в глаза и, стараясь замаскировать волнение,
то поправляла воротничок, который как будто резал ей шею, то перетаскивала свой
красный платок с одного плеча на другое... (А. Чехов "Верочка") physiognomy + extralinguistics + kinesics + physiognomy + oculesics. We should state
that Chekhov is good at the peculiarities of the Ukrainian national character,
and he recorded and represented his observations in stories based on non-verbal
communication parameters, while demonstrating subjective and individual
thoughts of the author which probably was a characteristic feature of the
representatives of Russian linguoculture in general, in particular: И этим раскатистым, заливчатым “ха-ха-ха” завершилось все: и сватовство и земное существование Беликова (…). Варенька
тоже была на похоронах и, когда гроб опускали в могилу, всплакнула. Я заметил, что
хохлушки только плачут или хохочут, среднего же настроения у них не бывает! (А. Чехов "Человек в футляре"). The question of
perception of non-verbal parameters in projection on someone else`s
linguoculture requires, as we see, a deeper understanding. Conclusions. Thus, the parameters of
non-verbal communication, verbalized in the text, fill it pragmatically,
visualizing scenes and "bringing life to" characters and implement
author’s intentions. Non-verbal means of communication in speech are
represented as the suitable codes which require the appropriate degree of
communicative competence to decode information adequately. Communicative
meanings are formed as a result of "langualizing of non-verbalics"
("verbalization of non-verbalics"); they deepen communicative and
linguistic competence of the participants of communication, expand linguistic
and communicative experience. The mastery of making aesthetic texts
characterizes the author as an elite language personality, for which the formation
of communicative competence in all its manifestations is a process of constant
self-perfection. These linguistic postulates actualize F. von Humboldt`s,
Neogrammarians’ F. de Saussure`s,
I. Baudouin de Courtenay`s, L. Shcherba`s,
V.V. Vinogradov`s, N. Chomsky`s points of view and other classics of
linguistic thought about the necessity to study individual speech of separate
linguistic personalities as the representatives of a certain linguistic
community.
Perspective of the paper. Non-verbal communication,
like any system of codes, has a national and contextual specification that can
be traced at the discursive level, in particular in artistic, journalistic,
oratory texts of Ukrainian, Russian, Belarusian, Polish authors that form
Slavonic language elite, which determines the perspective of this study.
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Всерос. научно-практ. конфер. с международным участием : в 2 ч. – Новокузнецк : РИО
КузГПА, 2009. – Ч. 1. – С. 226-231. –
ISBN 978-5-7310-2881-3. У статті зроблена спроба опису комунікативної компетенції
креативних мовних особистостей в ракурсі відтворення їх можливостей відносно
актуалізації метамови невербальної комунікації, моделювання метамовної
рефлексії в аспекті вербалізації невербальних засобів комунікації як способу
реалізації відповідного мовного коду. Ключові слова: комунікативна компетенція, мовна
особистість, метамова невербальної комунікації, метамовна рефлексія,
вербалізація невербальних засобів комунікації, мовний код.
Available 24 September 2013.
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