Annotation.The article presents comparative analysis of Russian prepositional units with the noun "лицо" and their functional equivalents in Bulgarian and Ukrainian languages. The present study identifies, distinguishes and describes the three types of correspondences between these units in the languages: (1) the prepositional units are the same in two or in all the three languages; (2) the prepositional units correspond with different prepositional units but with the same meaning; (3) the prepositional units correspond with non-prepositional units bearing the same meaning. These units are distinguished according to the stage of their grammatization . The forms in the late stage of grammatization are recommended to be included in the dictionaries as independent dictionary entries and be presented in class by language teachers as prepositions. Keywords: Bulgarian language, comparative analyses, grammatization, preposition, prepositional unit, elementary syntax component (syntaxeme), preposition analogues, Russian language, somatism, Ukrainian language.
Abstract.
FACING THE PREPOSITIONS (PREPOSITIONAL UNITS IN THE
RUSSIAN, BULGARIAN AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES)
Ekaterina Vinogradova
Department of Russian
as a Foreign Language for Humanities, Lomonosov Moscow State University,
Moscow, Moscow region, Russia,
Hanna Sytar
Department of
Ukrainian Language and Applied Linguistics, Donetsk National University,
Donetsk, Donetsk region, Ukraine,
Valeria Chekalina
Department of
Russian as a Foreign Language for Humanities, Lomonosov Moscow State
University, Moscow, Moscow region, Russia
Available 29 September 2013.
Abstract
Relevance
The comparative analysis of
Slavic prepositional units is an actual and up-to-date problem. The research
identifies and explores the most relevant issues of correspondences between the
languages through in-depth examination of the Slavic prepositional units.
Purpose
The purpose of the research is
to present comparative analysis of Russian prepositional units with the noun
"лицо" and their functional equivalents in Bulgarian and Ukrainian
languages.
Tasks
In particular, our objectives
in the present article are (1) to identify Russian prepositional units with the
noun "лицо", (2) to find their equivalents in the Ukrainian and
Bulgarian languages, (3) to find out correlations between them, (4) to
determine the stages of their grammatization.
Novelty
The present study of Slavic
prepositions is done as a part of an international linguistic project
"Slavic Prepositions: Synchronic and Diachronic Analysis of Morphology and
Syntax" that reveals new approaches in studying prepositional units.
Theoretical
value
The results of the present
research will contribute to the formation and development of an objective
grammar of Slavic languages.
Practical
value
The results of the
comparative analysis of the prepositional units will allow to specify and to
update the database of dictionaries, will help to make the translations from
one language to another more accurate.
Conclusion
1. The
prepositional units that have equivalents with the noun "лицо" in all the three compared languages are
the following: в лицо1,2 кого-чего/кому-чему, в лице кого-чего, лицом1,2 к кому-чему, перед лицом1,2 кого-чего. The prepositional
units that have equivalents with the noun "лицо" only in Russian and Ukrainian are перед лицо кого-чего, с каким лицом – с лицом кого-чего,
с лицом кого-чего – с лицами кого-чего. Different
prepositional units that function as the equivalents are found for the unit от лица кого. There are no
Bulgarian and Ukrainian equivalents for the Russian prepositional unit (не) к лицу1,2 кому что (делать).
2. The most
grammatized are the prepositional units that form free elementary syntactic
components (syntaxemes). Thus, we have identified the following prepositional
units as free syntaxemes: в лице кого-чего, от лица кого-чего, перед лицом1 кого-чего (‘in the presence of’), перед лицом2 кого-чего (‘in conditions’), лицом1 к кому-чему (location). The determined
syntaxemes also have a rather advanced stage of grammatization: (не) к лицу1 кому что (‘become, suit’); (не) к лицу2 кому что (делать) (‘befit’). Due to the high degree of metaphorization
the prepositional unit лицом2 к кому-чему is also grammatized
to a great extent. Consequently, all these units can be recommended to
inclusion to the dictionaries as independent dictionary entries.
3. In the Russian
language the noun "лицо" is
polysemic. The most prepositional units with this noun are derived from the one
with the meaning "the front part of the head". The prepositional
units в лице кого and от лица кого are derived from
the one with the meaning "an individual", "a person".
4. In the Ukrainian
language prepositional units with the noun "лицо" include three lexical items:
(а) обличчя (the front part of
the head): в лицо – в обличчя, перед лицом1,2 – перед обличчям, перед лицо – перед обличчя, лицом к – обличчям до (also registered лицем до), с каким лицом – з яким обличчям, с лицом кого – з обличчям кого;
(b) особа (a person, an individual), от лица, в лице – в особі (also
registered в образі);
(c) лице (a borrowing from Russian = norm обличчя): (не) к лицу – (не) до лиця, лицом к – обличчям до (and лицем до). In fact, the
borrowing from Russian is mostly used in loan translations and idioms.
5. Russian
prepositions в лице кого and от лица кого are converse terms. In Ukrainian and Bulgarian there
is the only unit represented: в особi кого (Ukrainian), в лицето на кого (Bulgarian). As a
converse term a prepositional unit with another lexical item functions: від, від імені кого (Ukrainian), от името на кого (Bulgarian).
6. Russian
prepositions перед лицом1 кого-чего (‘in the presence of’), перед лицом2 кого-чего (‘in conditions’) have literal equivalents in
Ukrainian (перед обличчям кого / чого) and in Bulgarian (пред лицето на кого). However, in Russian and in
the Ukrainian languages these prepositional units vary in their inner
structure: it is possible to eliminate the noun "лицо" in the prepositional unit перед лицом1 кого-чего (‘in the presence
of’) without sacrificing grammatical and semantic integrity. For instance, перед лицом свидетелей – перед свидетелями. But such
elimination is impossible for the unit перед лицом2 кого-чего (‘in conditions’).
For example, перед лицом угрозы войны à *перед угрозой войны (Russian), перед обличчям небуття à *перед небуттям (Ukrainian). The possibility
to eliminate the noun proves its subordinate function. Accordingly, we can
assume that this prepositional unit has a very high degree of grammatization.
7. Prepositional
units лицом1 к кому-чему (location) and лицом2 к кому-чему (direction) have
the equivalents in Ukrainian (обличчям / лицем до кого-чого) and Bulgarian (с лице към) languages. In
contrast to Russian and Ukrainian in the Bulgarian language there is a position
for an optional quantitative specifier. For example,
Парцел земеделска земя с площ от 13 100
кв м, с лице 90 м към магистрала
Ямбол-Елхово. A Ukrainian borrowing from Russian лицем до кого-чого is used mostly in
the idiomatic expressions: лицем до села, лицем до виробництва.
8. Russian
prepositional units с каким лицом and с лицом кого have the
equivalents only in the Ukrainian language: з яким обличчям and з обличчям кого.
9. It appeared that
prepositional units that form determined syntaxemes ((не) к лицу1 кому что (‘becomes, suits’), (не) к лицу2 кому что (делать) (‘befits’)) do not have prepositional equivalents in
the Ukrainian and Bulgarian languages. Instead, in order to express the same
meaning verbal structures are used: пасувати що кому, личити що кому (Ukrainian), това ви отива; това не ви отива, не ви прилича (Bulgarian).
Compare with the Russian кому идет, подходит, пристало что. However, we have registered
a Ukrainian prepositional unit до лиця (with a borrowing from Russian (лице) instead of Ukrainian обличчя or особа).
10. Prepositional
units that form bound syntaxemes (в лицо1 кому-чему (говорить), в лицо2 чему (смотреть)) are registered in
all the three languages (bulg. в лицето на някого (казвам, говоря, изсмивам се), в лицето на кого (гледам), ukr. в обличчя кому, в обличчя чому-чого (говорити,
дивитися).
Perspective
The results of the
study provide us with an extensive database that is to be used for further
comparative analysis of Slavic prepositional units.
Research
highlights
► The article presents
comparative analysis of Russian prepositional units with the noun
"лицо" and their functional equivalents in Bulgarian and Ukrainian
languages. ► The present study
identifies, distinguishes and describes the three types of correspondences
between these units in the languages: (1) the prepositional units are the same
in two or in all the three languages, (2) the prepositional units correspond
with different prepositional units but with the same meaning, and (3) the prepositional units
correspond with non-prepositional units bearing the same meaning. ► These units are distinguished
according to the stage of their grammatization. ► The forms in the late stage of grammatization
are recommended to be included in the dictionaries as independent dictionary
entries and be presented in class by language teachers as prepositions.
Keywords: Bulgarian
language, comparative analyses, grammatization, preposition, prepositional
unit, elementary syntax component (syntaxeme), preposition analogues, Russian
language, somatism, Ukrainian language.
References
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M. V. (2011). K voprosu ob operacional'nyh metodah kategorizacii predlozhnyh
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Kanyushkevich, M. I. (2008-2010). BjelaruskiJa
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slownika. Hrodna: HrDU.
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rjechnиk. Cofиja: Nauka и иzkustvo.
Lapushinskaja,
N. O. (2007). Funkcionirovanie leksemy "lico" vo frazeologizmah
russkogo, belorusskogo i zapadnogermanskih jazykov. Lichnost' – slovo – socium: v 3 ch., 2, 136-141. Minsk: Parkus
pljus.
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jazyk. M.: Knizhnyj dom
"Librokom".
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T"rnovo: Izd. IVIS.
FSUM, (1999). Frazeolohichnyy slovnyk ukrayins'koyi movy:
V 2-kh kn. K.: Naukova dumka.
Chukalov, S. K. (1981). Russko-bolgarskij slovar'. M.: Rus.jaz.
Bybee, J. (1994). The Evolution of Gramma:
Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Nevzorova, O. (2000). Context-Dependent Mechanisms for Recognition
of Semantic Role of a Word in the Sentence Mexico. E-portal: http://www.cicling.org/2000/book/Nevzorova.pdf.
Correspondence: katinko2007@yandex.ru,
mova@interdon.net, chekalina.valeria@gmail.com
Vitae
Ekaterina N.
Vinogradova, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor at Department of
Russian as a Foreign Language for Humanities in Lomonosov Moscow State
University. Her areas of research interests include Russian functional grammar:
syntax, morphology, prepositional system and distance learning of Russian as a
foreign language;
Hanna
V. Sytar, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor working for a
doctoral degree at at Department of Ukrainian Language and Applied Linguistics
in Donetsk National University. Her areas of research interests include
functional linguistics, syntax, morphology, comparative
linguistics and applied linguistics;
Valeria L. Chekalina, Candidate of Philology,
Seniour Lecturer at Department of Russian as a Foreign Language for Humanities
in Lomonosov Moscow State University. Her areas of research interests include
Russian functional grammar: syntax, morphology,
prepositional system and distance
learning of Russian as a foreign language.
Article.
Ekaterina Vinogradova, Hannа Sytar, Valeria Chekalina
УДК 81'367.633
FACING THE PREPOSITIONS
(PREPOSITIONAL UNITS IN THE RUSSIAN, BULGARIAN
AND UKRAINIAN
LANGUAGES)
The article presents comparative analysis of Russian
prepositional units with the noun "лицо" and their functional equivalents in Bulgarian
and Ukrainian languages. The present study identifies, distinguishes and
describes the three types of correspondences between these units in the
languages: (1) the prepositional units are the same in two or in all the
three languages;
(2) the prepositional units correspond with different prepositional units
but with the same meaning;
(3) the prepositional units correspond with non-prepositional units
bearing the same meaning. These units are distinguished according to the stage
of their grammatization[1].
The forms in the late stage of grammatization are recommended to be included in
the dictionaries as independent dictionary entries and be presented in class by
language teachers as prepositions.
Keywords: Bulgarian language, comparative analyses,
grammatization, preposition, prepositional unit, elementary syntax component
(syntaxeme),[2]
preposition analogues, Russian language, somatism, Ukrainian language.
It is widely known
that the lexical items that denote parts of the body (somatisms) are used in
many languages as a part of a wide range of idioms and phraseological units [Гудков, Ковшова 2007; ФСУМ 1999; Кошелев 2008]. For instance, Russian noun
"лицо" is regularly
used in the following
idioms: лицом к лицу, краска бросилась в лицо, лица нет на ком-либо,
на одно лицо, с лица некрасив, не с лица
воду пить, лицом в грязь не ударить,
рассказывать в лицах, стереть с лица земли, в поте лица, спасть с лица, невзирая на лица,
товар лицом показать etc. Bulgarian noun "лице" is also found in a range of
different phraseological units: казвам / говоря в
лицето, изтривам
от
лицето на земята, лице
в лице, изсмивам се в лицето на някого, обръщам
се с лице към, гледам в
лице, etc. The noun "лицо" is
polysemantic in Russian and in Bulgarian. However, in the Ukrainian language
more than three lexical units can function as the equivalents to this noun:
(1)
обличчя (meaning "the front part of the head");
(2)
особа ("an individual", "a person");
(3)
лице (the same as обличчя, a borrowing from Russian).
Compare: говорити в обличчя (to say to someone's face), мінитися на обличчі (to change countenance), не ударити лицем / обличчям у грязь / у болото (not to disgrace
oneself); на одне лице
(as like as two peas), лицем у / в лице
/ до лиця (face to face), etc.
Such polysemy is
typical not only for Slavic languages [Лапушинская 2007]. The
phenomenon can be explained by the egocentric nature of any verbal and
cogitative activity of the language speakers that proves the anthropocentrism
of any language.
The usage and the
meaning of the noun "лицо" are not
identical even in the closest languages. Consequently, that makes this research
relevant and up to date. The present study of Slavic prepositions is done as a
part of an international linguistic project "Slavic Prepositions:
Synchronic and Diachronic Analysis of Morphology and Syntax" (about the
project [Всеволодовa 2003], current results [Всеволодова 2013; Загнiтко 2007; Канюшкевiч 2008-2010; Славянските 2007]).
We focus here on
the issue of comparative analysis of Russian, Ukrainian and Bulgarian
prepositional units that include the noun "лицо". In particular, our tasks in the present article are (1) to
identify Russian prepositional units with the noun "лицо", (2) to find their equivalents in the Ukrainian and Bulgarian
languages, (3) to find out correlations between them, (4) to determine the
stages of their grammatization. This will contribute to the formation and
development of an objective grammar [Пешковский 2010] of Slavic
languages, will allow to specify and to update the database of dictionaries,
will help to make the translations from one language to another more accurate.
We have registered
three types of prepositional units with the noun "лицо" in the Russian language:
(1)
the prepositional units that function as free
elementary syntactic components (free syntaxemes): в лице кого-чего, от лица кого-чего, перед (пред) лицом1 кого-чего, перед (пред) лицом2 кого-чего, лицом к1 кому-чему, с каким лицом, с лицом кого;
(2)
the prepositional units that function as determined
syntactic components (determined syntaxemes): (не) к лицу1 кому что, (не) к лицу2 кому что (делать);
(3)
the prepositional units that function as bound
syntactic components (bound syntaxemes): лицом к2 кому-чему, в лицо1 кому-чему (говорить), в лицо2 чему (смотреть), на лице чего – на лицо чего – от лица чего – с лица чего.
Due to the comparative analysis we have identified the three types of
correspondences between the units in the languages: (1) the prepositional units
are the same in two or in all the three languages, (2) the prepositional units
correspond with different prepositional units but with the same meaning, and
(3) the prepositional units correspond with non-prepositional units bearing the
same meaning.
(1)
The prepositional units are the same in two or in all
the three languages: Type A.
The prepositional units are the same in all the three compared languages
In contrast to Russian
and Ukrainian languages there is a position for an optional quantitative
specifier in Bulgarian. For example, Парцел земеделска земя с площ от 13 100 кв
м, с лице 90 м към магистрала Ямбол-Елхово
Note that the Ukrainian
structures similar to перед лицом опасности have a primary preposition as its equivalent: у небезпеці, при небезпеці [Вирган, Пилинська 2000:
446]. Type B. There are equivalent prepositional
units only in Russian and Ukrainian languages.
(2) The prepositional units correspond with
different prepositional units but with the same meaning. 
(3) The prepositional units correspond with non-prepositional units
bearing the same meaning.
The second step of
the present analysis is aimed at distinguishing the stage of prepositional unit
grammatization. Grammatization is the process when a unit with a full lexical
meaning is gradually becoming an auxiliary grammatical unit. We focus on the grammatization
of the certain forms of the noun (in this particular article of the noun "лицо") that gradually turn into prepositions.
In other words, the phrase with a somatic noun loses part of its substantive
meaning in the process of grammatization and starts functioning as an auxiliary
unit. We assume that the
prepositional units with the most advanced stage of grammatization (that have
literally become prepositions) are the prepositional units that function as
free elementary syntactic components (free syntaxemes). For instance, Russian в лице кого-чего, от лица кого-чего, перед
(пред) лицом1 кого-чего, перед
(пред) лицом2 кого-чего, лицом
к1 кому-чему, с каким лицом, с лицом кого. In order to identify the stage of
grammatization we use some operational tools suggested by M.V. Vsevolodova in [Всеволодова 2011] that most notably
include the grade of metaphorization and the existence of the morphosyntactic
paradigm.
We will demonstrate the procedure of such analysis
using two prepositional units в лице кого and от лица кого as the examples В ЛИЦЕ КОГО-ЧЕГО We assume that the
Russian prepositional unit в лице кого has already become a genuine preposition with a
descriptive meaning: … на выборах
1999― 2000 годов победила правая идеология (в лице
"Единства", СПС и самого Путина)… (www.ruscorpora.ru). The reasons for such an
assumption are (1) a high degree of metaphorization: в лице уполномоченных органов à impossible *лицо уполномоченных органов; (2) an existence of a morphosyntactic paradigm: в лице кого – в лицах кого. In addition, Russian prepositional unit в лице кого has a converse
term: цирк в лице директора ó директор от лица цирка. Bulgarian
prepositional unit в лицето на кого has also reached a
rather advanced stage of grammatization. It introduces not only animate actants
(В лицето на Беки Шарп, Текъри е създал една архетипна героиня (http://kino.dir.bg/material.php?id=3605) but also
inanimate ones (Имате приятел в лицето на гъбите (http://www.lechitel.bg/newspaper.php?s=5&b=380).
The Ukrainian equivalent is в особі кого: Зрадів безмірно, отримавши собі помічника, прибічника, слугу й
повірника в особі Мехмеда Соколлу
(Павло Загребельний. Роксолана); У разі, якщо одним із засновників (учасників)
господарського товариства є держава в
особі уповноважених нею органів, розмір вкладів учасників (засновників), що
здійснюються у вигляді майна, до статутного фонду такого господарського
товариства визначається на підставі висновку оцінювача про вартість такого
майна (Про оцінку майна, майнових прав та професійну
оціночну діяльність в Україні. Закон України). There are also two converse terms. The first one is with the noun імʼя: директор від імені колективу, impossible
*директор від особи колективу. The second one is the preposition від кого. Compare data from the idiomatic dictionary:
"От лица кого. Від кого;
від імені (від імення) чийого, кого" [Вирган, Пилинська 2000: 446]. ОТ ЛИЦА КОГО-ЧЕГО
Russian prepositional unit от лица кого (the same as its converse term в лице кого) is a genuine preposition with a descriptive meaning: Затем отряд
«революционных клоунов» начал субверсивное представление с лозунгами
"наизнанку", но на этот раз не от
лица "преданных граждан", а от
лица власть имущих (www.ruscorpora.ru). Firstly, it has a high degree of metaphorization: Если вы очень устали от тролля
на вашей странице, можете отреагировать на него иронично от лица технического аккаунта (www.ruscorpora.ru) à impossible *лицо технического
аккаунта. Secondly, it forms a morphosyntactic paradigm: от лица кого – от лиц когo. The prepositional unit has a synonym от имени кого: Старейшины от лица народа поднесли адмиралу благодарственный лист… (www.ruscorpora.ru); =…выражаю от имени всего российского народа огромную, искреннюю благодарность за ваш исторический подвиг (www.ruscorpora.ru). However, there are
no such prepositional units in the Bulgarian and Ukrainian languages. Instead the equivalents with the noun "имя" are used.
Bulgarian от името на кого: Прочетете текста и го преразкажете от
името на един от героите в него – Влади (http://www.minedu.government.bg
/opencms/export/sites/mon /top_menu/general/7klas/tests/ test_bel_prerazkaz.pdf). Ukrainian від імені кого: "Заявник" означає особу, від імені якої
подана міжнародна заявка (Женевський акт Гаазької угоди про міжнародну реєстрацію промислових
зразків).
In sum, we have analyzed 17 Russian prepositional
units with the noun "лицо" and its Bulgarian and Ukrainian equivalents.
The results of the research are summarized in table 1.
Summary. 1. The prepositional units that have equivalents with the
noun "лицо" in all the three compared languages are the
following: в лицо1,2 кого-чего/кому-чему, в лице кого-чего, лицом1,2 к кому-чему, перед лицом1,2 кого-чего. The prepositional units that have equivalents with the
noun "лицо" only in Russian and Ukrainian are перед лицо кого-чего, с каким лицом – с лицом кого-чего, с
лицом кого-чего – с лицами кого-чего. Different prepositional units that function as the
equivalents are found for the unit от лица кого. There are no Bulgarian and Ukrainian equivalents for
the Russian prepositional unit (не) к лицу1,2 кому что (делать). 2.
The most grammatized are the prepositional units that
form free elementary syntactic components (syntaxemes). Thus, we have
identified the following prepositional units as free syntaxemes: в лице кого-чего, от лица кого-чего, перед лицом1 кого-чего (‘in the presence
of’),
перед лицом2 кого-чего (‘in conditions’), лицом1 к кому-чему (location). The determined
syntaxemes also have a rather advanced stage of grammatization: (не) к лицу1 кому что (‘become, suit’); (не) к лицу2 кому что (делать) (‘befit’). Due to the high degree of metaphorization
the prepositional unit лицом2 к кому-чему is also grammatized
to a great extent. Consequently, all these units can be recommended to
inclusion to the dictionaries as independent dictionary entries. 3. In the Russian
language the noun "лицо" is
polysemic. The most prepositional units with this noun are derived from the one
with the meaning "the front part of the head". The prepositional units в лице кого and от лица кого are derived from
the one with the meaning "an individual", "a person". 4. In the Ukrainian language prepositional units with
the noun "лицо" include three lexical items: (а) обличчя (the front part of the head):
в лицо – в обличчя, перед лицом1,2 – перед обличчям, перед лицо – перед обличчя, лицом к – обличчям до (also registered лицем до), с каким лицом – з яким обличчям, с лицом кого – з обличчям
кого; (b) особа (a person, an individual), от лица, в лице – в особі (also registered в образі); (c) лице (a borrowing from Russian
= norm обличчя): (не) к лицу – (не) до лиця, лицом к – обличчям
до (and лицем
до). In fact, the borrowing from Russian is mostly
used in loan translations and idioms. 5. Russian
prepositions в лице кого and от лица кого are converse terms. In Ukrainian and Bulgarian there
is the only unit represented: в особi кого (Ukrainian), в лицето на кого (Bulgarian). As a
converse term a prepositional unit with another lexical item functions: від, від імені кого (Ukrainian), от името на кого (Bulgarian). 6. Russian
prepositions перед лицом1 кого-чего (‘in the presence of’), перед лицом2 кого-чего (‘in conditions’) have literal equivalents in
Ukrainian (перед обличчям кого / чого) and in Bulgarian (пред лицето на кого). However, in Russian and in
the Ukrainian languages these prepositional units vary in their inner
structure: it is possible to eliminate the noun "лицо" in the prepositional unit перед лицом1 кого-чего (‘in the presence
of’) without sacrificing grammatical and semantic integrity. For instance, перед лицом свидетелей – перед свидетелями. But such
elimination is impossible for the unit перед лицом2 кого-чего (‘in conditions’).
For example, перед лицом угрозы войны à *перед угрозой войны (Russian), перед обличчям небуття à *перед небуттям (Ukrainian). The possibility
to eliminate the noun proves its subordinate function. Accordingly, we can
assume that this prepositional unit has a very high degree of grammatization. 7. Prepositional
units лицом1 к кому-чему (location) and лицом2 к кому-чему (direction) have
the equivalents in Ukrainian (обличчям / лицем до кого-чого) and Bulgarian (с лице към) languages. In
contrast to Russian and Ukrainian in the Bulgarian language there is a position
for an optional quantitative specifier. For example,
Парцел земеделска земя с площ от 13 100
кв м, с лице 90 м към магистрала
Ямбол-Елхово. A Ukrainian borrowing from Russian лицем до кого-чого is used mostly in
the idiomatic expressions: лицем до села, лицем до виробництва. 8. Russian
prepositional units с каким лицом and с лицом кого have the
equivalents only in the Ukrainian language: з яким обличчям and з обличчям кого. 9. It appeared that
prepositional units that form determined syntaxemes ((не) к лицу1 кому что (‘becomes, suits’), (не) к лицу2 кому что (делать) (‘befits’)) do not have prepositional equivalents in
the Ukrainian and Bulgarian languages. Instead, in order to express the same meaning
verbal structures are used: пасувати що кому, личити що кому (Ukrainian), това ви отива; това не ви отива, не ви прилича (Bulgarian).
Compare with the Russian кому идет, подходит, пристало что. However, we have registered
a Ukrainian prepositional unit до лиця (with a borrowing from Russian (лице) instead of Ukrainian обличчя or особа). 10. Prepositional
units that form bound syntaxemes (в лицо1 кому-чему (говорить), в лицо2 чему (смотреть)) are registered in
all the three languages (bulg. в лицето на някого (казвам, говоря, изсмивам се), в лицето на кого (гледам), ukr. в обличчя кому, в обличчя чому-чого (говорити,
дивитися).
The results of our study provide us with an
extensive database that is to be used for further comparative analysis of
Slavic prepositional units.
[1] Reduced to its
essentials, grammatization theory begins with the observation that grammatical
morphemes develop gradually out of lexical morphemes or combinations of lexical
morphemes with lexical or grammatical morphemes [Bybee 1994].
[2] Syntaxeme is
simple and indivisible semantic-syntactical unit of Russian language serving as
well as the elementary meaning carrier and as the constructive component of
more complicated syntactical units, which are characterized by definite set of
syntactic functions [Nevzorova 2000].
.
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Nevzorova, Olga A. Context-Dependent
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І.О., Пилинська, М.М. Російсько-український словник сталих виразів [Текст] / І. О. Вирган, М. М. Пилинська. – Харків : Прапор, 2000. – 864 с. – ISBN 5-7766-0717-5.
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Сер. 9. Филология. – 2011. – № 3. –
С. 103-135. –
Библиогр. : с. 134-135.
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русских предложных единиц [Текст] / М. В. Всеволодова,
О. В. Кукушкина, А. А. Поликарпов. – Кн. 1. – М. : URSS, 2013. –
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У статті запропоновано зіставний аналіз російських прийменникових одиниць,
що містять лексему "лицо", та їхніх еквівалентів у болгарській та
українській мовах. Виділено три типи
російсько-болгарсько-українських відповідностей: (1) прийменникові одиниці, що у
всіх мовах містять відповідну іменникову лексему; (2) прийменникові одиниці, що
мають як еквівалент інші прийменникові одиниці;
(3) прийменникові одиниці з
відповідниками- неприйменниковими одиницями. Аналізовані одиниці
диференційовано за ступенем оприйменникування. Визначено найбільш
граматикалізовані прийменникові одиниці, які можуть бути рекомендовані до
включення в лексикографічну і викладацьку практику як прийменники.
Ключові слова: аналог прийменника, болгарська мова, граматикалізація,
зіставний аналіз, прийменник, прийменникова одиниця, російська мова,
синтаксема, соматизм, українська мова.
Available 29 September 2013.
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