Article.
Vira
Deyneka
УДК 81’276.6:339.543
CUSTOMS
TERM AS UNIT OF UKRAINIAN SECTORAL
TERMINOLOGY
SYSTEM
The article analyzes
characteristic property and determinative features of the customs
term as the nominative unit of customs terminology, which is one of the oldest,
but also the least studied in Ukrainian linguistics.
Keywords: custom
vocabulary, term, terminology nomination, terminology system.
The modern history
of Ukrainian society and the realities of today show that customs affairs are
one of the most important manifestations of state sovereignty. This fact causes
special attention to it from the legislative and executive power in the
formation of international-legal position and resolving the internal problems
of the state. Under these conditions, there is an accumulation of necessary
lexical material that is ordered by language based on development trends and
processes which regulate the formation of appropriate terminological. Now
terminological system of customs affairs Ukrainian language is undergoing a
period of active formation and development therefore customs term as a means of
nomination special concepts of professional sublanguage requires special
attention of experts on terminology.
Number of modern
dissertations among which M.B. Verbenyets (legal terminology),
M.H. Zelentsova (terminology of management), T.S. Kondrat'yeva (market
terminology), V.V. Nikitina (business terminology), D.P. Shapran
(marketing terminology) and others is devoted to the problems of building
sectoral terminological systems that have not been made or had no proper
development in a statelessness of Ukraine. Terminological studies devoted to
the research of specific features of industry term highlight the different
views of scientists on its essence. The problem of establishing mandatory and
optional features of the term also remains unresolved, indicating a need for a
broad approach to the term – the concept of multifaceted and complex – in the
study sectoral terminology.
The aim of the proposed paper is an analysis of
linguistic status of customs term and clarifying the specifics of its defining
characteristics. The stated purpose makes it necessary resolving tasks: 1) to find out the specifics of
customs term as a linguistic sign relevant field, and 2) to analyze its
determinative features and to submit definition of customs term on this ground.
Customs business is an area that has a long history of development,
during which it has been and remains one of the most important factors of
statehood and independence, significant evidence of its power and financial
sovereignty. The first material information on the duty on the territory of
modern Ukraine belongs to the 9th century. Then, in the present
territory of Ukraine, powerful Kievan Rus, in which above all the main source
of the kniazes income was tribute, and fee for legal proceedings, fines and
customs duties owned to other sources, arises and develops for centuries (until
the conquest by the Mongols and Tatars). Historical overview of the problem
makes it possible to identify the stages of evolution of customs and legal
institutions the territory of modern Ukraine and, consequently, the formation
of a customs conceptual apparatus in Ukrainian language.
The periodization of formation customs affairs in Ukraine, which is led
by historians, coincides with periods of statehood / statelessness of our
country that certainly effect on the processes of creating Ukrainian customs
terminology:
1)
the period of Kievan Rus
and Mongol-Tatar dominion (9th – 13th c.c.);
2)
customs affairs of the
Ukrainian lands in the Polish-Lithuanian period (14th с. – 1
half of 17th c.);
3)
the emergence of customs
relations in Zaporizhian Sich and customs affairs during the Hetmanate (16th
c. – 17th c.);
4)
the period of entry of
Ukrainian lands in the Russian Empire (the end of 18th c. –
beginning of 20th c.);
5)
customs business in Ukraine
in the Soviet era (1917 – 1991);
6)
the period of formation and
development of independent Ukraine (since 1991 – hitherto) [НІМС 2005:
8-9].
To delineate the boundaries of the field covered by the term
"customs affairs" now, we give a definition of the term: “Встановлений порядок і умови переміщення товарів через митний кордон України, їх митний контроль та митне оформлення, застосування механізмів тарифного і нетарифного регулювання справляння митних платежів, ведення митної статистики, обмін митною інформацією, ведення української класифікації товарів зовнішньоекономічної діяльності, здійснення відповідно до закону державного контролю нехарчової продукції при ввезенні її на митну територію України, запобігання та протидія контрабанді, боротьба з порушеннями митних правил, організація і забезпечення діяльності митних органів та інші заходи, спрямовані на реалізацію державної політики у сфері державної митної справи, становлять державну митну справу” (‘The procedure and conditions for the movement of goods across the
customs border of Ukraine, their customs control and customs clearance,
application of tariff and non-tariff regulation of collection of customs
duties, keeping customs statistics, the exchange of customs information,
maintenance of Ukrainian goods classification of foreign activity,
implementation of the state control non-food products on importation into the
customs territory of Ukraine in conformity with the law, preventing and
combating smuggling, the fight against violations of customs rules,
organization and maintenance of customs and other measures for the
implementation of the state policy in the sphere of civil customs, constitute
State Customs case’) [МКУ-13: 14].
Despite the fact that history of a number of basic terms of customs in
the Ukrainian language consists centuries (митник, мит, митниця, etc.), its research terminological system has been actively formed in
the late 20th century. The study of sectoral terminology – as noted
by L.O. Symonenko – on the one hand make it possible to trace the history
of their development, the process of nomination of special terms, which goes
through several stages (period of initial definitions of concepts,
terminologization, attracting common words into the terminology); identify both
lingual and extralingual factors affecting construction of terms, the
development and establishment of terminology, facilitate the process of
organizing, systematization, streamlining and codifying of the terms, enabling
prediction of future trends of certain terminology as well as the entire
national terminological system, but on the other hand – the rich factual
material is the basis for a lexicographical works [Симоненко 2003: 19].
Traditionally, the study and description of the terms of a field of social
practice in modern theory of terminology is based on lexicographical works, to
be exact – on the data of sectoral terminology dictionaries. However, the scope
of fixing terms in specific sources cannot fully submit to their areas of
operation. In addition, terminological system of customs affairs in Ukrainian
language has not been subject to complex and comprehensive studies and,
consequently, its special vocabulary is not yet properly codified. There are no
Ukrainian customs terminological dictionaries of linguistic type. A small
number of reference publications that trace the Ukrainian terminological
vocabulary of customs affairs, prepared by industry experts without specialists
in terms so they lack the basic rules of lexicographic description of terms.
Only part of special vocabulary of customs – vocabulary of customs law – can be
regarded as codified. Codification of vocabulary of customs law is phenomenon
largely specific, because it goes beyond the traditional linguistic
understanding (fixing norms of sublanguage of specialty in the referential
linguistic literature) when codification is associated only with the scope of
fixing, and passed into the sphere of operation. Ye.O. Fedorchenko,
Russian researcher, which states that "such way of codification of
terminology is even more severe than the codification in the dictionary, since
the notion of democratization of norm, the possibility of different scientific
approaches to a particular object for language of law is unacceptable", indicates on the property of terminology of customs law [Федорченко 2004: 83].
Note that the specificity of formation of terminology of customs affairs
determines the fact that "customs as science is a diversity of knowledge
about the customs service and its operations, which has a comprehensive,
systematic, and interdisciplinary nature" [ВТД
2004: 25].
Summary of customs affairs and tasks which are facing it, predetermine
the entry of concepts to the customs terminological system, such as concepts of
economy (валютна політика, управління ризиками, монопольний протекціонізм); finance (процентні квоти, іноземна валюта, податок на додану вартість); statistics (система обліку зовнішньої торгівлі, момент обліку, кількісний одлік товарів); law (адміністративне стягнення, законність, прямі закони), computer science (носій інформації, інформаційно-телекомунікаційні системи, інформаційні ресурси), criminalistics (дактилоскопічна експертиза, обшук, протокол огляду) [МКУ-13; НІМС 2005], etc. Also for terminological system of customs
affairs is typical terms-word combinations that indicate the properly customs
semantics of intersectoral terms: митно-тарифна політика, митний тариф, митний аукціон, протекціоністське мито, ставка ввізного мита, митна вартість, митна статистика зовнішньої торгівлі, порушення митних правил, митне розслідування, принципи митного права, митні правовідносини, дізнавач митниці, and so on [МКУ 2010; МКУ-13; НІМС 2005]. Therefore,
a clear distinction between customs and other social and natural sciences is
now impossible because sectoral terminological systems actively interact with
each other; they often have part of common terminology fund.
The most general feature of vocabulary of all languages for special
purposes (LSP) scientists consider presence in it names (nominative units)
denoting scientific, technical and other specialized concepts ([Гринёв 1993: 48-52] and others).
According to researchers, common names, including terms are the universal
lexical means of LSP. Universality of terms is their main distinguishing
feature in comparison with other nominative classes used in LSP [Ким 2008: 19]. Abstract and specific objects of
customs affairs can be called using terms, such as: вантаж, віза, декларування, засоби ідентифікації, карантинній огляд, квота антидемпінгова, резидент, сертифікація, товари, транспортні засоби, предмети, фрахт, фритредерство, фітоконтроль, чартер, etc. [СМТ 2004]. These lexical items is categorized in
common names the fact that they represent general concepts as opposed to nouns
that denote individual concepts. Common names are the terms because they
represent general concepts of the special nature [Лейчик, Бесекирска 1998: 51]. So, nominationality is one of the most important features of a customs
term.
Unlike the commonly
used word that has lexical meaning, the term in the language system has
definition. Cf. in particular lexical meaning of common words and definitions
of customs terms: замовник – “той, хто замовляє що-небудь” (‘one who orders something’)
[ВТССУМ 2002: 312] and замовник – “суб’єкт господарської діяльності, який надає давальницьку сировину для вироблення готової продукції” (‘subject of business entity that provides
goods made on commission for the production of finished products’) [СМТ 2004: 35]; покупець – “той, хто купує що-небудь” (‘someone who buy
something’) [ВТССУМ 2002: 845] and покупець – “переможець митного аукціону, який здійснив повні розрахунки за придбані на митному аукціоні товари” (‘customs auction
winner, who has made full payment for the purchased goods at the customs
auction’) [СМТ 2004: 79]; взаємодія – “взаємний зв'язок між предметами у дії, а також погоджена дія між ким-небудь, чим-небудь” (‘mutual
relationship between objects in action and concerted action between someone,
something’) [ВТССУМ 2002: 85] and взаємодія – “комплекс організаційних заходів, спрямованих на узгодженість дії різних підрозділів, служб, посадовців під час здійснення митного контролю та митного оформлення” (‘series of
administrative measures aimed at coordination of actions of various
departments, services, officials at the customs control and customs clearance’)
[СМТ 2004: 112].
These examples show
that the value of lexemes in general literary language and terminology is
somewhat different, since the terms denote the concept of customs affairs and
demand consequently their explanation in terms of this industry. Instead,
common words call events, predicting their interpretation to the public and not
for specialists in a particular field. Thus, the definition of the term it is
requisite that plays an important role in the allocation of terminological
lexicon among the vocabulary of the language [Гринёв 1993]. And it is a clear definition of the term makes
it a component of a sectoral terminological system. Cf., for example: маршрут – 1) in the
terminology of customs affairs is “поїзд установленої маси і довжини, склад якого сформовано вантажовідправником або залізницею” (‘train installed
weight and length whose composition is formed by the shipper or the railroad’)
[СМТ 2004: 126]; 2) in the geology
system of terms – “район розвідування, обстеження, що проводиться геологічною партією, групою геологів і т. ін., а також похід у такий район з певним завданням” (‘area of
exploration, inspection, conducted by geological party, group of geologists and
so on, and hiking in a region with a specific task’) [ВТССУМ 2002: 511-512].
Thematic accuracy,
which is, in our opinion, one of the most important features of the customs
term is realized with a definition, which in its turn determines
conventionality of its value. Conventionality – a defining trait of
terminological lexicon that is the basis of sublanguage in any specialty. The
term to designate a particular concept is always conventional set, chosen, as
well as its content, expressing through the definition of the most essential
features of the corresponding concept it is the result of conscious collective agreement.
Thematic accuracy
of the term is in close contact with nature of concept denoted by it. The
concept, which is referred by the term, is moving; it is subject to change
according to deepening knowledge and ideas about subject area, so, the definition
that discloses meaning of the term varies over time. The term is a result of
"verbalization of professional knowledge as a cognitive model, in some way
organized and aimed at self-development. As a sign unit the term refers not
with static denotatums, namely cognitive-discursive models. In a measure of the
development of industrial science ... may be a redistribution of the scientific
information between terms or rename a particular piece of scientific
knowledge" [Федорченко 2004: 87]. For example, in the Customs Code of
Ukraine 2002 спеціальна митна зона – “митний режим, відповідно до якого до товарів, які ввозяться на території відповідних типів спеціальних (вільних) економічних зон із-за меж митної території України, а також до товарів, які вивозяться з територій зазначених зон за межі митної території України, не застосовуються заходи тарифного і нетарифного регулювання, якщо інше не передбачене законом” (‘customs regime
under which the goods imported into the territory of the types of special
(free) economic zones from outside the customs territory of Ukraine, as well as
goods that are exported from the territories of specified areas outside the
customs territory of Ukraine shall not apply measures of tariff and non-tariff
regulation, unless otherwise provided by law’) [МКУ 2010: 101]; імпорт – “митний режим, відповідно до якого товари ввозяться на митну територію України для вільного обігу без обмеження строку їх перебування на цій території та можуть використовуватися без будь-яких митних обмежень” (‘customs regime under which goods are imported into
the customs territory of Ukraine for free circulation without limiting the term
of their stay in the area and can be used without any customs restrictions’) [МКУ 2010: 91]. In a new the Customs Code of
Ukraine (became applicable at June 1, 2012) вільна митна зона – “митний режим, відповідно до якого іноземні товари ввозяться на територію вільної митної зони та вивозяться з цієї території за межі митної території України із звільненням від оподаткування митними платежами та без застосування заходів нетарифного регулювання зовнішньоекономічної діяльності, а українські товари ввозяться на територію вільної митної зони із оподаткуванням митними платежами та застосуванням заходів нетарифного регулювання” (‘customs regime under which foreign goods
are imported into the territory of free customs zone and exported from the
territory outside the customs territory of Ukraine with exemption from taxation
of customs duties and without the use of non-tariff regulation of foreign
economic activity, and Ukrainian goods are imported into the territory of free
customs zone with tax customs duties and the use of non-tariff measures’) [МКУ-13: 83] (we observe renaming mode of the
customs regime спеціальна митна зона); імпорт (випуск для вільного обігу) – “митний режим, відповідно до якого іноземні товари після сплати всіх митних платежів, встановлених законами України на імпорт цих товарів, на виконання усіх необхідних митних формальностей випускаються для вільного обігу на митній території України” (‘customs regime
under which foreign goods after the payment of all customs duties, set with the
Law of Ukraine on the import of these goods for execution of all necessary
customs formalities are released for free circulation in the customs territory
of Ukraine’) [МКУ-13: 59] (we
observe refinement of customs regime name імпорт). Comparing these
examples, we can conclude that every term fixed some definition, and the system
of terminological nominations developed in accordance with the conceptual
apparatus of sectoral science. However, we note that the changes in the above
definitions of terms, as well as changes in the external form of the terms вільна митна зона ‘free customs
zone’ and імпорт ‘imports’, their place in the system of terms
remain the same (this is names of the same customs regime), but because this is
not about homonyms of terms as the legal consequences of these terms usage,
even in the existing differences in definitions, for the participants of
levying of customs formalities are unchanged.
Semantic precision
and semantic certainty are inherent more for terms than commonly used
vocabulary – Ye.O. Fedorchenko says – but at the same time they are one of the
most moving layers among the vocabulary of the language. This is due not only
to the emergence of new terms to name new special concepts, but also with a
constant internal dynamics of a terminological system which caused a continuous
process of cognition and attempt to optimize language means of nomination of
concepts, phenomena and realities of professional sphere [Федорченко 2004: 90-91].
Semantic accuracy
of the term to a certain extent is caused by its morphological structure.
Despite the fact that the compact term facilitates operating the concept in the
process of science and practical activities, the definition of accuracy is more
important than the short form of the term. The length of the term shall be
sufficient to refer to each concept and distinguish it from a number of related
concepts. Furthermore, it should take into account the specifics of a
particular industry that caters to one or other terminology [Овсейчик 2006: 37].
As rightly observed
Z.M. Osypenko, an exact reproduction of conceptual content sometimes requires
not reduction but expansion of the term [Осипенко 1974: 9]. Thus, for more accurate designation of the customs concepts
in the terminology of customs affairs except one-word terms (мито, перевізник, резидент) are widely used two- (антидемпінгове мито), three- (уповноважений економічний оператор) and multicomponent (об’єкти права інтелектуальної власності) terms [МКУ-13]. As you can see, than difficult
semantically to denote a sectoral concept, so greater the number of components
it contains. Having regard to these facts, it cannot be considered a
disadvantage of the customs term of his multicomponent nature. If the term of
customs field is a word combination that consists of unrelated words to
describe a particular sectoral concept, it provides a systematic of term and
determines the relationship of this concept to other concepts of the customs
area.
The definition of
the term fixes its systemic relationship with other elements of a
terminological system, since the meaning of the term is explained through other
terms and their meaning the term gains solely as members of a terminology
system. Terminology of customs affairs is an ordered system in which a position
of each term is determined by correlation of signified concept with other
concepts. E.g., the term митне оформлення ‘customs
clearance’ has the definition: “Виконання митних формальностей, необхідних для випуску товарів, транспортних засобів комерційного призначення” (‘Implementation of customs formalities,
necessary for the production of goods, vehicles, for commercial use’) [МКУ-13: 9]. The value of this term which is
explained by using terms митні формальності ‘customs
formalities’, випуск товарів ‘produce goods’, транспортні засоби комерційного призначення ‘vehicles for commercial use’
can be understood only for specialist of customs field that indicates on
sign of limited scope of use of the customs vocabulary and its relatedness to a
certain subject area as the main distinguishing feature of special lexicon
among common vocabulary.
Comparison of one term with different concepts of a
subject area is very desirable because it can cause some confusion when it is
applied. Therefore, some linguists consider unambiguity is mandatory
requirement for the terms ([Русанівський 1988: 169] and
others). But often in the literature the view
that the terms are only trend towards unambiguity is expressed ([Суперанская, Подольская, Васильева 1989: 129] and
others). We support this idea, since it is
quite true for the customs terminology. According to our observations, studied
terminology includes terms under which several definitions in the literature
are fixed, for example: вантажне місце – “1) кінцевий продукт операцій з упакування вантажу, що складається з пакувального комплекту та його вмісту й підготовлений до перевезення; 2) умовна одиниця вантажу для приймання його для перевезення або здачі вантажоодержувачу при здійсненні навантаження або розвантаження рухомого складу” (‘1) the final
product of operations with packaging cargo, consisting of the packaging and its
contents prepared for transport, and 2) the notional unit of cargo for its
acceptance for transportation or delivery to the consignee in the exercise of
loading or unloading of rolling stock’) [СМТ 2004: 111-112]; товари – “1) будь-яке рухоме майно (у тому числі валютні цінності, культурні цінності) електрична, теплова та інші види енергії, а також транспортні засоби, за винятком транспортних засобів, що використовуються виключно для перевезення пасажирів і товарів через митний кордон України; 2) матеріальні та нематеріальні активи, а також цінні папери та деривативи, що використовуються в будь-яких операціях, крім операцій з їх випуску (емісії) та погашення; 3) будь-яка продукція, послуги, роботи, права інтелектуальної власності та інші немайнові права, призначені для відчуження, що переміщуються через митний кордон України та не можуть бути віднесені до особистих речей або транспортних засобів та окремих номерних вузлів до них” (‘1) any movable
property (including currency values, cultural values), electrical, thermal
and other energy and vehicles, except vehicles used exclusively for the
transportation of passengers and goods across the customs border of Ukraine; 2)
tangible and intangible assets as well as securities and derivatives that are
used in all transactions, except for transactions with their release (emission)
and maturity; 3) any products, services, employment, intellectual property
rights and other property rights, designed to alienation, crossing the customs
border of Ukraine and cannot be attributed to personal belongings or vehicles
and license individual nodes to them’) [СМТ 2004: 100].
According to our
observations, customs terms generally devoid of expressiveness within the
terminological field. We can say on the expressive words if it is part of
expressive utterance and largely determines the expression of the whole context.
Logical sense of the term makes it neutral language sign that carries relevant
sectoral information. Taking into account the special destination functional of
customs vocabulary, it is difficult not to agree with L.O. Symonenko that 'the
term unlike a common word, stylistically is more regulated, its
"neutrality", "emotion", "expressive" differ from
what is called neutral, emotional and expressive vocabulary in general
use" [Симоненко 1991: 15].
Expressive nuances
can be found in a small part of the stylistically marked linguistic units of
customs vocabulary that due desemantization have gained a new conceptual
meaning, for example: “зелений коридор”, невидимий експорт, “червоний коридор”, чиста торгівля, чорний ринок, “прозорі” кордони, “розмиті” кордони, “важкі” наркотики, “слідова картина”, “ядро” маршруту [МКУ-13; НІМС 2005; СМТ 2004], etc. As we
can see, some of this vocabulary in the literature served within quotation marks
that indicate the connotative indication of following terminological units.
Note that the use of graphical marks (“”) to refer to certain concepts of
customs field in many cases requires of regimentation. For example, the term зелений коридор has the following
graphic variants of use in the literature: “зелений коридор”, “зелений” коридор, зелений “коридор”. We support the
view of those scholars who believe the problem of terminological nature
of these units that served in the quotation marks cannot be solved relying
on linguistic competence and linguistic flair of authors of special texts, we
must proceed from the specifics of lexical-semantic system of language; it is
inappropriate quotation marks to highlight the part of the composite term in
scientific text; jargon can be served in quotes. The highlight of professional
vocabulary, scientific metaphor with quotation marks is the most used,
"because the perfect term the quotes does not require" [Овсейчик 2006: 34].
Thus, in our study, "custom time" is defined as nominative
lexical unit (word or word combination), which is part of customs terminology
is taken for the exact name of the specific concepts and requires a clear
definition. So, the priority for customs term we consider nominative-definitive
function, systemic nature and conventionality.
Accordingly, the main features of the customs term as a sign of industry
customs terminology we consider the following: 1) nominationality, 2) the
availability of definition, 3) conventionality, 4) clearly defined place
in customs terminology (terminology of customs affairs), 5) tendency to
unambiguity within terminology of customs affairs, 6) accuracy of denote
concepts of customs area, 7) lack of expressive values, 8) system relations
and ties within the customs terminology, adjacent sectoral terminology and
general vocabulary.
The
relevance of further study of the customs term as a unit of the customs
terminology in Ukrainian language (e.g., research of terminology nomination
types) due primarily needs of terminological regulation in this area of field
of professional activities and the need for codification of sectoral vocabulary.
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У статті з’ясовується специфіка та аналізуються
визначальні властивості митного терміна як номінативної одиниці митної терміносистеми,
яка є однією з найдавніших, але водночас і найменш досліджених в український
лінгвістиці.
Ключові слова: митна лексика, термін,
термінологічна номінація, термінологічна система.
Available 30 September 2013.
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