Article.
Анна Григорʼєва
УДК 811.161.2 23
PECULARITIES OF THE IMPLICIT OPPOSITION BASED ON THE MODERN ENLGISH,
GERMAN, RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN LANGUAGES
Статтю присвячено вивченню
імпліцитно представленого протиставлення контрадикторних ознак у різних
проміжках часу. Протиставлення ознак може бути виражено імпліцитно та
експліцитно. У даному дослідженні розглядаються приклади імпліцитно вираженого
протиставлення. Аналізуються контрадикторне та контрарне поняття. У результаті
аналізу виділяються основні моделі пропозиційних характеристик, а саме
атрибутивні, актантні, предикатні та сирконстантні протиставні конструкції.
Дані проведеного дослідження дозволяють зробити висновки, що продуктивність
протиставних конструкцій не залежить від генетичного походження мови.
Ключові слова: імпліцитне протиставлення, експліцитне протиставлення,
контрадикторне поняття, контрарне поняття, пропозиція.
Although many scientists paid a lot
of attention to such a language phenomenon as an opposition, the issue of the
expression of this phenomenon at the deep syntactic level has not been still
revealed. As it is known the opposition can be expressed both explicitly and
implicitly. The research deals with the propositions with the implicitly
expressed component of the opposition construction. In contrast to the explicit
information the implicit one is concealed, not expressed by means of words and
its sense derives from the meanings of the language units under the impact of
certain situation. The propositions of such type involve a comparison of
phenomena opposing one of them to implicitly expressed consequence from another
one. Usually two inconsistent features are opposed, and each of them refers to
the same referent; this type of opposition occurs because explicitly expressed
thought of comparison has implicit opposite implication. By these opposite
constructions one feature is expressed explicitly and another one can be
reconstructed based on the semantic analysis of the proposition.
K. Dolinin states that
implication is based on “contextual links or interaction of the part and the
entire” and draws attention to the semantic elements which “are not expressed
by the language means and results from the explicitly expressed elements in
their interaction” (Dolinin, 76). L. Kardash thinks that “implicit
opposition is a complicated phenomenon created by deriving the opposition
sentence from another sentence where one or another fact of reality is
reflected. The implicitly expressed opposition aims at the language competence
of the recipient and consideration of subtextual, contextual and different
discursive features of the expression” (Kardash, 194). According to L.
Brusenskaia, G. Havrilova and N. Malycheva implication “foresees
that the fact that has been meant is a known one and that is why it can be
unspoken” (Brusenskaia, Havrilova, Malycheva, 34). Ch. Fillmore takes implication
as “a presence of certain conditions required for the expression” and as “a
fund of general knowledge of a speaker and a hearer” (Fillmore, 56).
A phenomenon of opposition remains
an object of the research of many scientists and is always actual as it exists
in all languages. Traditionally, in research dealing with the opposition a lot
of attention is paid to the study of explicit and implicit expression of
opposition based only on one language, thus implicit opposition in comparative
aspect remains unconsidered by the researchers.
The objective of the paper is to
analyze the peculiarities of the expression of the implicit opposition of the
contradictory features at different times.
The following tasks are specified
for fulfillment of the objective: 1) to analyze the definition of implication;
2) to outline the difference between contrary and contradictory features of the
phenomena; 3) to define models of the implementation of the implicit
oppositions in English, German, Russian and Ukrainian.
In logic “implication is a
conditional statement that is a logical operation that combines two statements
in one composite statement due to the logical links which usually in the
language corresponds to the conjunction “if…, then…” (A – ” B), that is if A
then B (or A causes B)” [Lisochenko, 9]. Implication is “a content of the
thought which is much broader than its expression in the language units. This
is a saving method of the reflection of the extralinguistic content where
“mentioning only one of the elements is enough to imagine the whole situation”
(Lisochenko, 9). According to V. Bagdasarian, implication exists not on
the top but at the back of the expression as a low, concealed layer of the
content, it is “something dependent, derivative” (Bagdasarian, 6). The research
is based on the definition of implication given by O. M. Martyniuk:
“implication is a non-verbal information that reveals within the relation of
thinking and language as an indirect way of the expression of thought and
separates because of the link of explicit meanings of the language units with
the context, background (encyclopedic) knowledge of communicators and occurs
under the certain conditions of communication” (Martyniuk, 439).
According to the logical laws there
are two types of the opposition relations: contradictory (inconsistent) and
contrary (opposed) opposition. Opposed (contrary) notions are “inconsistent
notions which include the third, middle notion and although they deny each
other they carry something positive instead of denied in the discordant notion”
(Kondakov, 487). Inconsistent (contradictory) notions are “such inconsistent
notions which do not include the middle, third notion and exclude each other”
(Kondakov, 487).
This research considers implicitly
expressed opposition of contradictory features of the compared phenomena. As a
result of the research the following groups of this type of opposition have
been singled out:
1. Attributive opposition of
appearance represents opposition based on the look of a person. For example, rus.: Лицо у ней теперь было не
насмешливое, как в подвале, а словно бы искаженное страданием), но все
равно невыносимо красивое (Akunin Borys “Liubovnik smerti”). The analysis of the proposition
allows to reconstruct an additional content of the statement, implicitly
expressed information: Лицо у ней теперь было не насмешливое, как в подвале (i.e. in the basement it was ‘насмешливое’), а словно бы искаженное страданием),
но все равно невыносимо красивое. Two contradictory features are
opposed in this proposition: implicitly expressed ‘насмешливое’ and explicitly expressed ‘не насмешливое’ towards one referent. Their
reference to the same referent is possible due to their time difference. The
expression of the features occurs at different times and it is indicated by the
locative element of the proposition ‘не как в подвале’ and
identifier of a later point in time – an adverb of time ‘теперь’.
1.1. Attributive oppositions of the
internal state reflect oppositions of the emotions of a referent at different
times. For example: ger.: Ich
kann nicht mehr so fröhlich und unbeschwert wie früher sein (А. F. Morland «Dann stürzte die Welt für sie ein»). In the stated
proposition, only two features are represented explicitly ‘nicht mehr fröhlich und unbeschwert’ but the consequence from the known information
‘wie früher sein’ allows to reconstruct the implicitly expressed
information: before she was ‘fröhlich’ and ‘unbeschwert’.
The presence of these features in different periods of time is shown by the
adverb of time ‘früher’.
2. Actant oppositions state the
presence of one referent in one period and absence of the same referent in
another period. For example: rus.: Я сегодня без огнестрельного оружия, –
спокойно ответил инженер (Akunin Borys “Liubovnik smerti”). The opposition of the features of
one referent has been observed in the proposition. These features are contradictory ‘без огнестрельного оружия’
– ‘с огнестрельного оружием’. The feature ‘с оружием’ is not expressed explicitly but derives from the adverb of time ‘сегодня’, that is ‘Я сегодня без огнестрельного оружия, а
вчера я был с огнестрельным оружием’. Ukr.: Литиме своє
холодне світло місяць, стоятиме ялина, розкидавши в боки свої широкі
лапи-гілки, – все буде таким, як є зараз, за винятком того, що все це
існуватиме вже без неї (Svitlana Talan “Koly ty poruch”). In this proposition the adverb ‘вже’ indicates
that there is implicitly expressed feature which is opposed to the explicitly
expressed one ‘без неї’ – ‘з нею’.
3. Predicative oppositions represent
opposition of one state of the referent in one period to the opposed state in
another period:
3.1. Predicative oppositions of the
internal state represent oppositions of two inconsistent actions associated
with the emotional state of the person at different times. For example: ger.: Hätte ich sagen sollen, ich liebe dich nicht mehr, empfinde nur noch Mitleid für dich? (А. F. Morland «Dann stürzte die Welt für sie ein»). The use of the
adverb in a comparative form ‘mehr’
and the negative particle ‘nicht’
indicates that before the referent ‘liebte sie’ and at the moment this feature
is not relevant, i.e. the referent cannot be characterized by that feature as
he ‘liebe dich nicht mehr’. Eng.: I
felt tears rising, but they were rising around the solid security of my
decision, and they didn't overwhelm
me as they had before
(Нeather
Wardell “Life, Love and a Polar Bear Tattoo”). In this example one
feature is expressed explicitly ‘didn't overwhelm’ and
another one is implicit ‘overwhelmed’. The speaker wants to
stress that in the past the tears overwhelmed her and it does not happen
anymore. And the adverb of time ‘before’
shows the time difference and relevance of the features.
3.2. Predicative oppositions of
mental capabilities reflect oppositions of the true real feature to
inconsistent unreal feature at the moment of speaking. For example: rus.: Вот я вам расскажу,
как ее добывал, тогда поймете (Boris
Akunin “Liubovnik Smerti”). The feature поймете is opposed to the feature ‘не понимаете’ which is not expressed explicitly
although derives logically from the context. It means that at the present moment
nobody understands the speaker and by restoring the missed out component the
following opposition occurs: поймете,
meaning ‘не понимаете сейчас’.
3.3. Predicative oppositions of
physical capacities aim at representing capability or incability of the person
to carry out an action. For
example: ger.: Ich
werde vielleicht, vielleicht wieder gehen können! (A. F. Morland «Dann stürzte die Welt für sie ein»). In this example only one feature ‘werde gehen können’ is
expressed explicitly in the form of the future tense, thus this feature is
unreal at the present moment. But the use of the adverb ‘wieder’ is an indicative of implicit consequence
‘kann nicht gehen’ from the explicit expressed feature ‘werde gehen können’. Thus, the real feature is opposed to the
unreal one due to the denial of implicitly expressed real feature and statement
of unreal one. Eng.: It's
just Kegan I can't work with, at
least not any more
(Нeather
Wardell “Life, Love and a Polar Bear Tattoo”). In the proposition the
use of the adverb ‘any more’ and the negative particle ‘not’ indicates that the
opposition is expressed implicitly. Therefore it means that the object could
have worked with this person before and at the present moment it cannot.
4. Circonstant oppositions of degree
actualize comparison of the degree of the feature expression. Ger.: Kann ich mir einen besseren Lehrmeister wünschen?, sagte Barbara, und sie dachte, dass sie sich noch nie im Leben trotz ihres Gebrechens so großartig gefühlt hatte (А. F. Morland «Dann stürzte die Welt für sie ein»). In the stated proposition, only one feature
is represented explicitly ‘so
großartig’, but the consequence from the first part of the proposition:
‘Kann ich mir einen besseren Lehrmeister wünschen?’ allows to
reconstruct the implicitly expressed information: thanks to such a teacher she
has felt so wonderful for the first time in her life. Rus.: Может, завтра всё не так страшно
покажется (Boris
Akunin “Liubovnik Smerti”), as explicitly expressed feature ‘не так страшно’ refers to the future as indicated by
the adverb of time ‘завтра’ and future form of the verb it can be
concluded that at the present moment the referent has an opposite feature
‘scared’. Ukr.: Він зрозумів, що тепер йому жити буде ще важче, ніж було досі (Svitlana
Talan “Koly ty poruch”). In this example the implicit feature in positive form
of the adverb ‘важко’ is opposed to the feature in the large
degree, expressed by the superlative degree of the adverb ‘важче’. The
adverb of time ‘досі’ and the use of the verbs in different tenses
(‘буде’ – future
tense, ‘було’ – past
tense) show that the referent had these features at different times.
The quantitative indicators of
implementation of the implicit oppositions in English, German, Russian and
Ukrainian have been represented in the Table 1.
Table 1.
Quantitative indicators of the implicit oppositions of the contradictory
features in English, German, Russian and Ukrainian
Language
Group
|
English
|
German
|
Russian
|
Ukrainian
|
Attributive
|
-
|
32 (17,7%)
|
73 (27,5%)
|
-
|
Actant
|
-
|
-
|
13 (5%)
|
7 (32%)
|
Predicative
|
184 (100%)
|
131 (72,3%)
|
159 (60%)
|
-
|
Cironstant
|
-
|
18 (10%)
|
20 (7,5%)
|
15 (68%)
|
Total (%)
|
184 (100%)
|
181 (100%)
|
265 (100%)
|
22 (100%)
|
As a result of the research it has
been concluded that at the semantic-syntactic level opposition is realized in
four models: attributive opposition constructions, actant opposition
constructions, predicative and circonstant opposition constructions of the
degree. The most productive is predicative oppositions and less frequently
opposition is implemented in actant models. The actant type of the oppositions
is represented only by data of the Slavic languages but it cannot show
essential difference of the properties of the language means between the Slavic
and Germanic languages. Neither in Ukrainian nor in Russian there are objective
reasons for the lack of actant oppositions, the models of this type will be
correct in terms of grammar and pragmatics and that is why the properties of
the languages in whole cannot be the reason of their absence. It should be
noted that one of the indicators of the quantitative difference is a subject of
the plot of the data for study. The paper deals with two Germanic and two
Slavic languages which were supposed to have similar quantitative indicators
but the results of the research have shown the opposite, thus, for instance,
the English language has more similarities in quantitative indicators with the
Russian language than with the German language. Consequently, the productivity
of the opposition constructions does not depend on the genetic origin of the
language. The perspective of the research is to define and to
study the models of proposition characteristics of the explicitly expressed
opposition of the contradictory features at different times. The attention will
be paid to the explicitly expressed opposition and peculiarities of its
expression based on the languages under the study.
References.
References
Bagdasarian, Vladimir. Problema
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logic-methodological analysis). Erevan, 1983. Print.
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List of Sources
Akunin Boris, Liubovnik Smerti (The Lover of Death). Moskva: Zakharov, 2002. Print.
Talan Svitlana, Koly ty poruch
(When you are nearby). Belgorod: Knizhnyi klub “Klub semeinogo dosuga”,
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Morland A. F. Dann stürzte die Welt für sie ein. München: BookRix, 2016. Print.
Wardell Нeather, Life, Love and a Polar
Bear Tattoo. Toronto: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2009.
Print.
List of Abbreviations
Rus – Russian
Ger – German
Ukr – Ukrainian
Eng – English
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