Article.
Mariya Bihday DOI 10.31558/1815-3070.2018.36.6 УДК 811-161.2 REPRESENTATION OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC
CLASSIFICATION OF THE UKRAINIAN VERBS IN THE FORM OF IDEOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY Розглянуто
поняття ідеографічного словника та тезауруса, а також охарактеризовано різні
типи цих словників. Представлено класифікації слів для англійської, німецької
та французької мов. Описано етапи та результати проведеної лексико-семантичної
класифікації дієслів української мови. Показано застосування ідеографічних
словників для представлення результатів досліджень з лексичної семантики. Ключові слова: лексикографія,
ідеографічний словник, лексико-семантична класифікація, тезаурус. Introduction One
of the important and rapidly developing branches of applied linguistics is
computer lexicography. Computer
lexicography is, on the one hand, an applied scientific discipline, between
linguistics and computer science, which studies the methods and techniques of
applying information science and technology techniques in theory to the
practice of creating a wide range of lexicographic systems, and on the other
hand, the computer industry, which is rapidly developing mainly due to the fact
that lexicography is one of the effective ways of knowledge detection and
dissemination (Shyrokov 4). V. Shyrokov
highlights four important issues that are relevant today in lexicography
(Shyrokov 6): Updates
of fundamental lexicographic works, both content, and structure, to adapt them
to the realities of our time. Digitization
of paper dictionaries, by changing them into lexicographic databases, so that
they can be used in various systems of automatic processing of information. The
use of dictionaries in knowledge mining systems, as well as in conceptual and
lexicographic knowledge representation systems (e.g. ontology). Use
of dictionaries to solve the problem of multilingualism (for example, the means
of computer-technological support for multilingual lexicographical systems). As
we can see, modern lexicography aims at computerization, therefore the creation of electronic ideographic dictionary
is actual for the Ukrainian lexicography. On the other hand, there are many
approaches to the division of verbs into lexical-semantic groups and today
there are many semantic classifications of verbs for different languages.
However, for the Ukrainian language, particular lexical-semantic groups of
verbs were predominantly studied (verbs of movement, verbs of thinking, etc.),
but not the unified lexical-semantic classification of all verbs. Therefore,
the purpose of this research is to describe how the lexical-semantic classification of the
Ukrainian verbs can be conducted and represented in the form of an ideographic dictionary. Analysis of recent research One
of the first classifications of dictionaries was made by L. Shcherba, who
based his classification on six differentiative principles or contradictions
(Shcherba): 1) Academic
dictionary vs. dictionary-handbook. The academic
dictionary includes normative dictionaries representing the lexical system of
language, or the terminology of one specialty; handbook includes encyclopedic,
terminological of several specialties, explanatory, regional (dialectal),
etymological ones. 2) Encyclopedic
vs. a general dictionary. 3) Thesaurus
vs. explanatory or translation dictionary. The first one gives words with
quotations from texts that illustrate the use of words, that is, provide the
linguistic material, while the second reflects the lexical system of the
language and compares it with the system of another language. 4) Ordinary
vs. an ideological or thematic dictionary, in which the units are located under
the headings of the semantic network. 5) Explanatory
vs. translation dictionary. 6) Non-historical
vs. historical dictionary. The articles of the latter give information on the
development of the semantics of the word, from its first registration in
written sources and to the modern time for a given dictionary. Nowadays
the multilingual WordNet thesaurus of the Princeton University (for eight
European languages – English, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, German, French, Czech
and Estonian) successfully operates and develops on the Internet, as well as
electronic linguistic database EuroWordNet, and similar GermaNet, BalkaNet,
RusNet, etc. for other languages. An
ideographic dictionary is a multifunctional tool that allows solving various
theoretical and practical tasks. It helps to find the word that most adequately
conveys a certain notion. The ideographic article shows the systemic links of
words, facilitating the process of learning of the words for a foreigner. The
ideographic dictionary is also valuable for theoretical studies. Its synoptic
scheme is a fragment of the picture of the world of the specific language. The
dictionary reveals the originality of the language, the peculiarities of the
embodiment of particular notions in words, the regularities of the structure of
lexical-semantic groups and the seme
structure of words. On the material of the dictionary, you can conduct
cognitive research, create knowledge bases in the form of frames, semantic
grids. The regularities established by the generalization of the meanings of a
large number of lexical units into a limited range of notions enable us to
carry out a logical-semantic analysis in systems of automatic processing of
texts (Serednytska). When
considering the general methodological principles of the classification of notions,
V. Morkovkin distinguishes three types of ideographic dictionaries: 1)
ideographic thesaurus; 2) educational ideographic (thematic) dictionary; 3) an
analogous dictionary. In this case, the main task of the author of a dictionary
of the first type is the identification and subsequent rational classification
of notion groups that are actually represented in the vocabulary of the
language. The purpose of composing of analogous dictionaries is a
representation of the thematic organization of vocabulary, without abandoning
the principle of the alphabet. When creating educational thematic dictionaries,
the main task is to select the topics relevant for educational purposes
(Morkovkin 22). Yu. Karaulov
considers two main types of thesauri: 1) general-language and 2)
information-retrieval. In fact, he notes that "there is no fundamental
difference between the general-language and the information-retrieval
thesaurus: a thesaurus is a lexical tool for information-retrieval
systems. It consists of a controlled, but the changeable vocabulary of terms,
between which semantic links are indicated" (Karaulov 148). At the same
time, the aim of general-language thesauri is a complete description and
lexical representation of a certain area of objective reality, while information-retrieval
are aimed at an analysis and a logically consistent presentation of the
existing and generally accepted terminology of a given industry (Karaulov 156).
As a result, the main difference between information-retrieval and
general-language thesauri is the subject of their action, i.e. the difference
between the term and the word. Yu. Karaulov writes: "From here it
becomes clear that, firstly, the impossibility of such detailing of descriptors
in terminology dictionaries, (...), and secondly, the emergence of
general-language thesauri in the classification schemes, along with the
fully-fledged, so to speak, descriptors, and key
words that are justified here, by striving to uniformly, without gaps,
fill the given descriptor area with a vocabulary and which would be
inadmissible on the basis of such a premise in the terminological
thesaurus" (Karaulov 156). The
ideographical research has been carried out over the last 150 years in many
countries. In the 19th century, P. M. Roget composed an ideographic
dictionary of the English language. His most famous followers were
E. Blanc, P. Вoissiere, R. Hallig, and W. von Wartburg, F. Dornseiff, J. Casares.
For Russian, ideographic dictionaries were composed by Yu. Karaulov,
V. Morkovkin, a group of authors led by E. Kuznetsova, and later by
L. Babenko, O. Baranov, N. Shvedova. In
Ukrainian linguistics, ideographical studies were conducted by I. Hetman,
M. Peschak, N. Klymenko, Ye. Karpilovska, Zh. Sokolovska,
N. Snizhko, O. Siruk, A. Serednytska, and others. Representation of
lexical-semantic classification of the Ukrainian verbs in the form of ideographic dictionary The
problem of ideographic classification of lexical units remains relevant and not
fully discussed in Ukrainian linguistics. Traditionally, the results of the
ideographic description of the vocabulary are written in the form of a dictionary.
It is built on the onomasiological principle, from a notion to a word. The
input to the dictionary is a synoptic scheme – a system of
concepts, or notions that generalize the meaning of large groups of words. Each
concept corresponds to a vocabulary article, lexical units of which express it
in the language. The
main feature of ideographic dictionaries is the onomasiological orientation of
their construction from an idea (a notion, a concept that can be expressed by a
word or phrase) to signs (a specific lexical-semantic variant) that reflect
this notion. The core of ideographic dictionaries is the so-called synoptic or
integrated diagram of concepts – the basis of the semantic vocabulary
classification, the layout of the units of the ideographic dictionary, built
using the methods of constructing a thesaurus. If in traditional explanatory
dictionaries the register units are lexemes with their lexical-semantic
variants of words, then in the paper ideographic dictionary the core function
performs first of all the notion or the concept. Each concept corresponds to a
set of semantically related lexemes, the seme
structure of which correlates with the content of a certain notion (Siruk). One
of the Ukrainian researchers O. Siruk highlights the following basic
principles of the organization of lexical material in the ideographic
dictionaries. These principles are:
systematic principle, the principle of variability, the principle of
intercrossing of verbs between different semantic classes (Siruk). The
systematic principle is realized in the construction of a lexical-semantic
field, within which there are smaller groups, between which synonymous,
antonymic, and other types of relations are established. Each token must be
comprehensively described as an element of a certain lexicographic type or
several types if it lies at the point of their intersection. In this case, all
the features of the specified type or types should be described in one scheme
in different parts of the dictionary. The
embodiment of the principle of variability is that in each lexical-semantic
group the dominant verb is defined, which expresses the basic semantics of the
group of words, and there are other verbs, which have additional semantic
features in comparison with the dominant, and thus specify its meaning. The
principle of the intersection of verb
groups is involved in the analysis of the complex
semantics of verbs, which in their meanings can enter simultaneously into
several groups of verbs (Siruk). Another
Ukrainian researcher A. Serednytska introduced the following methodology
of ideographic classification of the verbal vocabulary of the Ukrainian
language (Serednytska): 1) definition
of the criteria for concepts selection; 2) the
justification of the method of establishing the connection between the registry
units of the dictionary, which have extra-linguistic nature, and the values of
motion verbs; 3) the
creation of a new form of grouping lexical material within a separate
vocabulary article – the division of verbs into synonymic series on the
differential features of their meanings, the division of derivative verbs into
subfields by word-building attributes. In
the tables (Table 1. and Table 2.) and the list
below 3 main lexical-semantic classifications
of words made for different languages in the last 150 years are listed, in
particular: English (Roget), German (Dornseiff) and French (Bally). Roget’s
classification was the first one and later was the basis for many other
classifications. In each of them, the
linguistic picture of the world is
captured and many similarities between them can be observed. Table 1. Roget’s classification of English words
Class
|
Sub-class
|
1. Abstract relations
|
Existence
Relation
Quantity
Order
Number
Time
Change
Causation
|
2. Space
|
Generally
Dimensions
Form
Motion
|
3. Matter
|
Generally
Inorganic
Organic
|
4. Intellect
|
Formation of
ideas
Communication
of ideas
|
5. Volition
|
Individual
Intersocial
|
6. Affections
|
Generally
Personal
Sympathetic
Moral
Religious
|
The
classification of German words by Dornseiff: 1. Inorganic world, Substances 2.
Plant and animal world, Man (physical essence) 3.
Space, Position in space, Form 4.
Value, Mass, Number, Degree 5.
Existence, Relationship, Causality 6.
Time 7.
Light, Color, Sound, Temperature, Weight, State, Olfaction, Taste 8.
Movement 9.
Desire and Action 10.
Sensations 11.
Feelings 12.
Thinking 13.
Sign, Message, Language 14.
Writing, Knowledge (science) 15.
Art 16.
Society and Commonality 17.
Dwelling 18.
Economy 19.
Right, Ethics 20.
Religion, Supernatural Table 2. Bally’s classification of French words
Class
|
Sub-class
|
1. A priori
|
Being
Attitude
Causality
Order
Time
Count,
number, intensity
Space.
Position in space
Change
Motion
|
2. Matter.
Sensual world
|
Creation:
life and death
The world,
nature, creatures
Properties
of matter
Perception
of sensible objects
|
3. Thinking and its expression
|
Properties
of thinking
Thinking
operation
Expression
and communication of thinking
|
4. Will
|
Will
properties
Operation of
the will
Will in
relation to somebody
Mutual or
externally limited will
|
5. Action
|
Necessary
actions; needs, sources, facilities
Properties
of the action object; value, usefulness
The states
and qualities related to the result of actions
Properties
of the active object
Motives for
action
Preparation
of action
Modes of
action
Interaction
or externally limited action
|
6. Ownership
|
Acquisition
and possession
Usage,
transfer, exchange
|
7. Feelings
|
Feelings in
general
Feeling of pleasure and displeasure
Instinctive
feelings
Egocentric
feelings
Aesthetic
feelings
Altruistic feelings and actions
|
8. Society
|
Public life
Place of the
individual in society
Rights and
obligations; law; court
|
9. Moral
|
Form of
debt; behavior
Evaluation
of the behavior. Reputation
|
10. Religion
|
Traditionally,
methods of componential analysis and step-identification (in the terms of
E. Kuznetsova (Kuznetsova)) are used for linguistic research related to
lexical semantics, in particular for lexical-semantic word classifications. There
is no generally accepted classification of verbs. In our study, we conducted
the following stages of the lexical-semantic classification of the Ukrainian
verbs: 1. Comparison
and generalization of existing semantic classifications of verbs of the
Ukrainian language. 2. On
the material of the Dictionary of semantic themes of verbs (conducted
in the Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund (Sukharyna)),
we divided verbs that are semantic themes into lexical-semantic groups. 3. Clarification
and extension of the generalized lexical-semantic classification of the
Ukrainian verbs using the methods of componential analysis and
step-identification. For
the first stage, we have chosen
lexical-semantic classifications of verbs of Ukrainian researchers
V. Rusanivsky, O. Leuta, and
S. Dyshleva. As a result, 10 lexical-semantic groups were defined that are
common in these classifications (verbs of
action, verbs of movement, verbs of attitude, verbs of state and process, verbs
of mental and social actions of the subject, verbs of being, verbs of location,
verbs of characterization, modal verbs, phase verbs). In
the second stage, each of the 2393 verbs mentioned as semantic themes in the
Dictionary of semantic themes of verbs was taken and using the denotative approach for each verb
lexical-semantic group from the first stage was defined. This
Dictionary of semantic themes of verbs contains an
alphabetical list of all verbs that are semantic themes and represent all the
verbs of the Ukrainian language. That is why we think that by dividing these
verbs into lexical-semantic groups, we obtain a generalized lexical-semantic
classification of the whole Ukrainian verbs. In this step definitions of verbs
were taken from the Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language in 11 Volumes (DUL),
but only the main meaning of each verb was considered. During
the third stage of the lexical-semantic classification of verbs, we have made
more detailed classification by analyzing each meaning and each nuance of the meaning of each of the 2393 verbs. For this, the classification presented in the Ideographic dictionary of the Russian language
by L. Babenko was used and modified to the needs and
peculiarities of the Ukrainian language. In this step componential analysis was
used to define semantic components in the meaning of each lexical-semantic
group of each verb. And also, a method of
step-identification was applied to determine the limits and volume of
lexical-semantic groups. As a result, 4 big lexical-semantic groups were
defined (verbs of action, verbs of being,
verbs of state, verbs of relation) with many lexical-semantic sub-groups. After
that, the presented lexical-semantic
groups and sub-groups were transformed into an ideographic
dictionary of verbs of the Ukrainian language. All dictionary entries of all
2393 verbs were put there together with their grammatical information, number of meaning or its nuance, description of
meaning and examples. The
generalized lexical-semantic classification of verbs of the Ukrainian language,
which is conducted in our research, can be used, in particular, for the
semantic marking of verbs in the text corpora, the creation of ideographic
dictionaries, etc. Such
an ideographic dictionary of verbs has
different lexical-semantic groups as the main concepts of the dictionary.
Further, for each lexical-semantic group, not
the whole verb but only fitting lexical-semantic variants of verbs are listed. Ideographic
dictionary of Ukrainian verbs can be used for linguistic research, university
studies, as well as be embedded in different systems of computational linguistics. Conclusions In
this paper, the history and state of
ideographic researches were outlined, in particular, the main classifications
of words in English, German and French languages were shown. Additionally, the
definition and different types of ideographic dictionaries were described. In
conclusion, it has been pointed out that for studies in lexical semantics
ideographic dictionary is means for
representation of lexical data. For our research,
it was used for generalized lexical-semantic classification of Ukrainian verbs. As our
lexical-semantic classification does not cover all possible details of each
lexical-semantic group of Ukrainian verbs, further discussion and research in
this area can be conducted to extend the presented
ideographic dictionary as much as possible.
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2018 року.
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